The surface bedrock under the Miami area is called Miami oolite or Miami limestone This bedrock is covered by a thin layer of soil and is no more than 50 feet (15 m) thick Miami limestone formed as the result of the drastic changes in sea level associated with recent glacial periods or ice ages Beginning some 130,000 years ago the Sangamonian Stage raised sea levels to approximately 25 feet (8 m) above the current level All of southern Florida was covered by a shallow sea Several parallel lines of reef formed along the edge of the submerged Florida plateau stretching from the present Miami area to what is now the Dry Tortugas the area behind this reef line was in effect a large lagoon and the Miami limestone formed throughout the area from the deposition of oolites and the shells of bryozoans Starting about 100,000 years ago the Wisconsin glaciation began lowering sea levels exposing the floor of the lagoon by 15,000 years ago the sea level had dropped 300 to 350 feet (90 to 110 m) below the current level the sea level rose quickly after that stabilizing at the current level about 4,000 years ago leaving the mainland of South Florida just above sea level. . Miami Florida Business directory, 6.2 Exploration 4.3 Fire The IIF was able to invest in development projects due to Disston's purchase and an opportunity to improve transportation arose when oil tycoon Henry Flagler began purchasing land and building rail lines along the east coast of Florida as far south as Palm Beach in 1893 Along the way he built resort hotels transforming territorial outposts into tourist destinations the land bordering the rail lines was developed as citrus farms by 1896 the rail line had been extended to Biscayne Bay Three months after the first train had arrived the residents of Miami voted to incorporate the town Miami became a prime destination for extremely wealthy people after the Royal Palm Hotel was opened, Est 2018 2,761,581 10.6% As of 2010 those of African ancestry accounted for 19.2% of Miami's population Of the city's total population 5.6% were West Indian or Afro-Caribbean American origin (4.4% Haitian 0.4% Jamaican 0.4% Bahamian 0.1% British West Indian and 0.1% Trinidadian and Tobagonian 0.1% Other or Unspecified West Indian) 3.0% were Black Hispanics and 0.4% were Subsaharan African origin. 9.1 Colleges and universities Cuban American female recording artist Ana Cristina was born in Miami in 1985 Enrollment for Fall 2014 consisted of 54,099 students 45,359 undergraduates and 7,814 graduate students including students enrolled in professional programs Women accounted for 56.2% of student enrollment and minorities made up 88% of total enrollment Enrollment included students from all 50 U.S states and more than 119 countries the most popular College by enrollment is the College of Arts and Sciences the freshman retention rate for 2009 was 83% the fall 2011 incoming freshman class had an average 3.7 GPA 1139 SAT score and a 25 ACT score. At the same time mercury was found in local fish at such high levels that consumption warnings were posted for fishermen a Florida panther was found dead with levels of mercury high enough to kill a human Scientists found that power plants and incinerators using fossil fuels were expelling mercury into the atmosphere and it fell as rain or dust during droughts the naturally occurring bacteria that reduce sulfur in the Everglades ecosystem were transforming the mercury into methylmercury and it was bioaccumulating through the food chain Stricter emissions standards helped lower mercury coming from power plants and incinerators which in turn lowered mercury levels found in animals though they continue to be a concern. University Health Services Complex 1992 Bicentennial Park during Ultra Music Festival and Earth Hour in 2010 There are three species of trees that are considered mangroves: red (Rhizophora mangle) black (Avicennia germinans) and white (Laguncularia racemosa) although all are from different families All grow in oxygen-poor soil can survive drastic water level changes and are tolerant of salt brackish and fresh water All three mangrove species are integral to coastline protection during severe storms Red mangroves have the farthest-reaching roots trapping sediments that help build coastlines after and between storms All three types of trees absorb the energy of waves and storm surges Everglades mangroves also serve as nurseries for crustaceans and fish and rookeries for birds the region supports Tortugas pink shrimp (Farfantepenaeus duorarum) and stone crab (Menippe mercenaria) industries; between 80 and 90 percent of commercially harvested crustacean species in Florida's salt waters are born or spend time near the Everglades.
Further information: Miami-Dade Police Department In 2007 Miami was identified as having the rudest drivers in the United States the second year in a row to have been cited in a poll commissioned by automobile club AutoVantage Miami is also consistently ranked as one of the most dangerous cities in the United States for pedestrians. Launch of Space Shuttle Columbia from the Kennedy Space Center. . Atlantic Subarctic The American Airlines Arena home of the Miami Heat, Top government employers Congressional districts Several defunct airlines including Airlift International Arrow Air National Airlines and Rich International Airways were headquartered on or near the airport property. . Continental shelves in the Atlantic are wide off Newfoundland southern-most South America and north-eastern Europe in the western Atlantic carbonate platforms dominate large areas for example the Blake Plateau and Bermuda Rise the Atlantic is surrounded by passive margins except at a few locations where active margins form deep trenches: the Puerto Rico Trench (8,376 m or 27,480 ft maximum depth) in the western Atlantic and South Sandwich Trench (8,264 m or 27,113 ft) in the South Atlantic There are numerous submarine canyons off north-eastern North America western Europe and north-western Africa Some of these canyons extend along the continental rises and farther into the abyssal plains as deep-sea channels, In 2018 45,044,312 passengers traveled through the airport making it the 13th busiest airport in the United States and 40th busiest in the world by total passenger traffic It is the 3rd busiest airport in the United States by international passenger traffic MIA is Florida's busiest airport by total aircraft operations and total cargo traffic and its second busiest by total passenger traffic after Orlando International Airport; . .
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